The role of “novel” biomarkers of systemic inflammation in assessing the severity and course of coronary heart disease

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1. The top 10 causes of death. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10- causes-of-death (accessed 04.07.2023).
2. Deaths due to coronary heart diseases in the EU. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20200928-1 (accessed 04.07.2023).
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. About Multiple Cause of Death, 1999–2020. CDC WONDER Online Database website. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022. Available at: https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/datarequest/D77 (accessed 04.07.2023).
4. Tsao C.W., Aday A.W., Almarzooq Z.I., Beaton A.Z., Bittencourt M.S., Boehme A.K. et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2022 Update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; 145 (8): e153–e639. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052
5. Стабильная ишемическая болезнь сердца. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020; 25 (11): 4076. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4076 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for stable coronary artery disease. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020; 25 (11): 4076 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4076
6. Dhande I.S., Doris P.A. Genomics and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Compr. Physiol. 2021; 11 (4): 2433–54. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200032
7. Wu M.Y., Li C.J., Hou M.F., Chu P.Y. New insights into the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18 (10): 2034. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102034
8. Bulaeva N.I., Golukhova E.Z. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidant stress: the role in cardiovascular pathology. Creative Cardiology. 2013; 1: 14-22 (in Russ.).
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10. Donath M.Y., Meier D.T., Böni-Schnetzler M. Inflammation in the pathophysiology and therapy of cardiometabolic disease. Endocr. Rev. 2019; 40 (4): 1080–91. DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00002
11. Weber C., Noels H. Atherosclerosis: current pathogenesis and therapeutic options. Nat. Med. 2011; 17 (11): 1410–22. DOI: 10.1038/nm.2538
12. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration; Danesh J., Lewington S., Thompson S.G., Lowe G.D., Collins R., Kostis J.B. et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA. 2005; 294 (14): 1799–809. DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.14.1799
13. Moskalenko S.A., Shuvalova Yu.A., Kaminnyi A.I. The role of the Interleukin-6 system in the development of atherosclerosis. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Dyslipidemias. 2020; 2 (39): 5–11 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.34687/2219-8202.JAD.2020.02.0001
14. Fiechter M., Ghadri J.R., Jaguszewski M., Siddique A., Vogt S., Haller R.B. et al. Impact of inflammation on adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2013; 14 (11): 807–14. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e3283609350
15. Dentali F., Nigro N., Squizzato A., Gianni M., Zuretti F., Grandi A.M. et al. Impact of neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio on major clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Int. J. Cardiol. 2018; 266: 31–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.116
16. Qi Q., Zhuang L., Shen Y., Geng Y., Yu S., Chen H. et al. A novel systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) for predicting the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer after chemotherapy. Cancer. 2016; 122 (14): 2158–67. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.3005
17. Xia Y., Xia C., Wu L., Li Z., Li H., Zhang J. Systemic Immune Inflammation Index (SII), System Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality: a 20-year follow-up cohort study of 42,875 US adults. J. Clin. Med. 2023; 12 (3): 1128. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031128
18. Geng Y., Zhu D., Wu C., Wu J., Wang Q., Li R. et al. A novel systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) for predicting postoperative survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2018; 65: 503–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.002 19.
19. Xie Q.K., Chen P., Hu W. M., Sun P., He W.Z., Jiang C. et al. The systemic immune-inflammation index is an independent predictor of survival for metastatic colorectal cancer and its association with the lymphocytic response to the tumor. J. Transl. Med. 2018; 16 (1): 273. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1638-9
20. Fu H., Zheng J., Cai J., Zeng K., Yao J., Chen L. et al. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) is useful to predict survival outcomes in patients after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma within Hangzhou criteria. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018; 47 (1): 293–301. DOI: 10.1159/000489807
21. Ross R., Glomset J.A. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (second of two parts). N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 295 (8): 420–5. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197608192950805
22. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2012; 32 (9): 2045–51. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179705
23. Liuzzo G., Biasucci L.M., Gallimore J.R., Grillo R.L., Rebuzzi A.G., Pepys M.B. et al. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331 (7): 417–24. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199408183310701
24. Wu M.Y., Li C.J., Hou M.F., Chu P.Y. New insights into the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18 (10): 2034. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102034
25. Libby P., Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005; 111 (25): 3481–8. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537878 26. Libby P. What have we learned about the biology of atherosclerosis? The role of inflammation. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001; 88 (7B): 3J–6J. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01) 01879-331
26. Ridker P.M., Everett B.M., Thuren T., MacFadyen J.G., Chang W.H., Ballantyne C. et al. CANTOS Trial Group. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017; 377 (12): 1119–31. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707914
27. Wheeler J.G., Mussolino M.E., Gillum R.F., Danesh J. Associations between differential leucocyte count and incident coronary heart disease: 1764 incident cases from seven prospective studies of 30,374 individuals. Eur. Heart J. 2004; 25 (15): 1287–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.05.002
28. Kim J.H., Lim S., Park K.S., Jang H.C., Choi S.H. Total and differential WBC counts are related with coronary artery atherosclerosis and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in Koreans. PLoS One. 2017; 12 (7): e0180332. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180332
29. Wu T.H., Chien K.L., Lin H.J., Hsu H.C., Su T.C., Chen M.F. et al. Total white blood cell count or neutrophil count predict ischemic stroke events among adult Taiwanese: report from a community-based cohort study. MC Neurol. 2013; 13: 7. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-7
30. Zia E., Melander O., Björkbacka H., Hedblad B., Engström G. Total and differential leucocyte counts in relation to incidence of stroke subtypes and mortality: a prospective cohort study. J. Intern. Med. 2012; 272 (3): 298–304. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02526.x
31. Libby P., Nahrendorf M., Swirski F.K. Leukocytes link local and systemic inflammation in ischemic cardiovascular disease: an expanded “Cardiovascular Continuum”. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016; 67 (9): 1091–103. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.048
32. Baena-Díez J.M., Garcia-Gil M., Comas-Cufí M., Ramos R., Prieto-Alhambra D., Salvador-González B. et al. Association between chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular risk. Heart. 2018; 104 (2): 119–26. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017- 311279
33. Tillet W.S., Francis T. Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus. J. Exp. Med. 1930; 52 (4): 561–71. DOI: 10.1084/jem.52.4.561
34. Plebani M. Why C-reactive protein is one of the most requested tests in clinical laboratories? Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2023; 61 (9): 1540–5. DOI: 10.1515/cclm2023-0086
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About Authors

• Sayaly M. Talibova, Postgraduate, Cardiologist; ORCID
• Madina A. Basieva, Postgraduate, Cardiologist; ORCID
• Vladimir A. Shvartz, Dr. Med. Sci., Leading Researcher, Professor of the Chair of Cardiovascular Surgery with Courses in Arrhythmology and Clinical Electrophysiology; ORCID